Select Currency
Translate this page

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS

Format: MS WORD  |  Chapter: 1-5  |  Pages: 72  |  2924 Users found this project useful  |  Price NGN5,000

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS

 

ABSTRACT

The menstrual cycle is affected by so many various factors e.g. stress and changes in diet and iron. Several other studies showed no significant changes in Hemoglobin Concentration and RBC Count during various phases of menstrual cycle, Twenty student with normal menstrual cycle where used as the study subject. The three phase of the uterine cycle was studied and the hematologic indices analysed. We tried to make a comparative analysis on Hemoglobinand Red Blood Cell Count which showed no significant increase from Menstrual Phase (MP) to Secretory Phase (SP), which is in agreement with the earlier reports. Hemoglobinconcentration may increase from menstrual phase to secretory phase due to increase in erythropoiesis to compensate for the blood loss during menses. There was a pronounced tendency towards an increase in Hband RBC Count from the early menstrual phase until the post- ovulatory period, with a subsequent decrease towards the end of the cycle. Form the analysis we deduced that the menstrual cycle had no deleterious effect on the hematologic indices.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

The menstrual cycle is the cycle of natural changes that occurs in the uterus and ovary as an essential part of making sexual reproduction possible (Lentzet al., 2012). Its timing is governed by endogenous (internal) biological cycles. The menstrual cycle is essential for the production of eggs, and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy (Lentz et al., 2012).  The cycle occurs only in fertile female humans and other female primates. In human females, the menstrual cycle occurs repeatedly between the ages of menarch, when cycling begins, until menopause, when it ends.

In humans, the length of a menstrual cycle varies greatly among women (ranging from 21 to 35 days), with 28 days designated as the average length (AHYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" \l "cite_note-Widmaier-3"nderson et al., 2003). Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary (ovarian cycle) or in the uterus (uterine cycle) (Anderson et al., 2003). The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase. Both cycles are controlled by the endocrine system and the normal hormonal changes that occur can be interfered with using hormonal contraception to prevent reproduction (Klumpetet al., 2013).

By convention, the length of an individual menstrual cycle in days is counted starting with the first day of menstrual bleeding. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of estrogen in the follicular phase, discharges of blood (menses) slow then stop, and the lining of the uterus thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant (non-dominant follicles atrophy and die). Approximately mid-cycle, 24–36 hours after the Luteinizing Hormone(LH) surges, the dominant follicle releases an ovum or egg in an event called ovulation. After ovulation, the egg only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone. Under the influence of progesterone, the endometrium (uterine lining) changes to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy. If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks, the corpus luteum will involute, causing sharp drops in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. The hormone drop causes the uterus to shed its lining and egg in a process termed menstruation (Klumpetet al., 2013).

The menstrual cycle is characterized by cyclical fluctuations in the levels of FSH, LH, estrogen and progesterone The hormones are known to have an effect on oxygen carrying capacity, immune response, bleeding and also changes in serum electrolyte which may be responsible for variable physical, psychological symptoms and autonomic changes. It is suggested that stressful situations during ovulatory periods and menstruation may cause increased 17-hydroxy corticosterone levels with resulting eosinopenia (Feuring M et al., 2002). Platelet function is periodically altered during the ovarian cycle due to the influence of progesterone and estrogen on Von Willebrand factor concentrations (Sioba´net al., 2004). Ovarian hormones influence almost all the systems of the body. 

They are known to alter the immune system like depression of the suppressor T cell activity Human & animal studies suggest that there is a change in the distribution of immune cells during different phases of menstrual cycle (Pehlivanogluet al., 2001). 5–20% of women reporting severe dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) which may be associated with reproductive morbidities like infection (Sioba´net al., 2004), thus estimation of leucocyte count is an important tool. Females have more asthma throughout the reproductive years. Female sex steroids are pro-inflammatory and will increase the susceptibility to atopy(Sioba´net al., 2004).

In developing countries, abnormal uterine bleeding appears to affect about 5–15% of women of reproductive age. It is a major cause of gynecological morbidity, affecting up to one in five women some point during their reproductive life span Reproductive-aged women of about 9-14% have blood loss that exceeds 80 ml (Rajneeet al., 2010) and prolonged and excessive bleeding may provoke or exacerbate anaemia and in a certain percentage of cases, may eventually be life threatening if left untreated, thus there arises a need to estimate Haemoglobin, Red Blood Cell count and ESR during the menstrual cycle. The lack of awareness about the potential importance of reducing menstrual flow when women are anaemic and lack of knowledge among women about treatment alternatives is of some concern. The maintenance of different blood corpuscles at normal levels during the menstrual cycle is necessary. Therefore, in the present study, haematological modulation in the different phases of menstrual cycle was studied. (Silverthornet al., 2013 and Sherwood et al., 2013).

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS

Not The Topic You Are Looking For?



For Quick Help Chat with Us Now!

+234 813 292 6373

+233 55 397 8005


HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS INSTANTLY

  • Click on the Download Button above.
  • Select any option to get the complete project immediately.
  • Chat with Our Instant Help Desk on +234 813 292 6373 for further assistance.
  • All projects on our website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.

Here's what our amazing customers are saying

JONNAH EHIS
Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo
I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!
Excellent
Dau Mohammed Kabiru
Kaduna State College of Education Gidan Waya
This is my first time..Your service is superb. But because I was pressed for time, I became jittery when I did not receive feedbackd. I will do more business with you and I will recommend you to my friends. Thank you.
Very Good
Merry From BSU
I am now a graduate because of iprojectmaster.com, God Bless you guys for me.
Excellent
MATTHEW NGBEDE
Ahmadu Bello University
I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!
Excellent
Abdulrazak Bello Marsha
Usman Dan fodio University
It was quite a better guide for project and paper presentation purpoting. Many thanks.
Average
Azeez Abiodun
Moshood Abiola polytechnic
I actually googled and saw about iproject master, copied the number and contacted them through WhatsApp to ask for the availability of the material and to my luck they have it. So there was a delay with the project due to the covid19 pandemic. I was really scared before making the payment cause I’ve been scammed twice, they attended so well to me and that made me trust the process and made the payment and provided them with proof, I got my material in less than 10minutes
Very Good
Stancy M
Abia State University, Uturu
I did not see my project topic on your website so I decided to call your customer care number, the attention I got was epic! I got help from the beginning to the end of my project in just 3 days, they even taught me how to defend my project and I got a 'B' at the end. Thank you so much iprojectmaster, infact, I owe my graduating well today to you guys...
Excellent
Joseph M. Yohanna
Thanks a lot, am really grateful and will surely tell my friends about your website.
Excellent
Emmanuel Essential
Kogi state University
I actually took the risk,you know first time stuff But i was suprised i received as requested. I love you guys 🌟 🌟 🌟 🌟
Very Good
Abdulrahman Jibrin
Nti Abaji
Nice one work prompt delivery tanx
Very Good

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I get this complete project on COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS?

Simply click on the Download button above and follow the procedure stated.

I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?

How fast can I get this complete project on COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS?

Within 15 minutes if you want this exact project topic without adjustment

Is it a complete research project or just materials?

It is a Complete Research Project i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data

What if I want to change the case study for COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE UTERINE MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND THE HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES OF STUDENTS, What do i do?

Chat with Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

How will I get my complete project?

Your Complete Project Material will be sent to your Email Address in Ms Word document format

Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

Yes! We can send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number

What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?

Yes! Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

What if i do not have any project topic idea at all?

Smiles! We've Got You Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp Now to Get Instant Help: +234 813 292 6373

How can i trust this site?

We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "PRIMEDGE TECHNOLOGY". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!