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Sexual Dimorphism in Trapezius Muscle Dimensions Among Undergraduate Students

Abstract

The study examines sexual dimorphism in the dimensions of the trapezius muscle among undergraduate students, with emphasis on differences in selected morphological and measurable characteristics between male and female individuals. The trapezius is a large superficial muscle extending across the posterior neck and upper back and plays important roles in scapular elevation, retraction, depression, upward rotation, and stabilization of the shoulder girdle. Knowledge of its dimensional characteristics and sex-related variation is important for improving understanding of upper-body anatomy and supporting clinical assessment of the neck, shoulder, and upper back regions. The study will assess selected dimensions of the trapezius muscle using standardized anatomical landmarks and appropriate anatomical or imaging-based assessment procedures. The specific objectives will include determining selected dimensions of the muscle among the study participants, comparing the measured dimensions between male and female individuals, assessing variations in the upper, middle, and lower portions of the muscle, and documenting bilateral differences in the assessed measurements where applicable. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. An appropriate sample of male and female undergraduate students will be selected using an appropriate sampling technique. Data on the dimensions and morphological characteristics of the trapezius muscle will be obtained using standardized procedures and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation. Appropriate independent-group inferential tests will also be applied to determine whether observed differences in selected muscle dimensions between male and female participants are statistically significant. The study is expected to reveal measurable differences in selected trapezius muscle dimensions between male and female undergraduate students. Some dimensions may demonstrate greater mean values in one sex than the other, while other parameters may show minimal or no statistically significant differences. Variations may also be observed among the upper, middle, and lower portions of the muscle and between corresponding measurements on the right and left sides. The findings are expected to provide evidence of sex-related anatomical variation in trapezius muscle dimensions within the study population. The findings will be useful to anatomists, radiologists, physiotherapists, orthopedic surgeons, sports medicine practitioners, and other healthcare professionals involved in the assessment and management of conditions affecting the neck, shoulder, and upper back. The study may provide useful reference information on trapezius muscle dimensions and sexual dimorphism and may support anatomical interpretation, imaging assessment, rehabilitation planning, and clinical evaluation of the shoulder girdle. The study will conclude by documenting the dimensional characteristics and sex-related variations of the trapezius muscle among the study population. It is recommended that standardized anatomical and imaging-based procedures be used when assessing the muscle, while further studies involving larger and more diverse populations should be conducted to establish broader reference data on trapezius muscle morphology and sexual dimorphism.

Keywords: Trapezius muscle, sexual dimorphism, muscle dimensions, posterior neck, upper back, shoulder girdle, scapular anatomy, muscle morphology, anatomical variation, bilateral variation, undergraduate students, neck anatomy, shoulder anatomy, radiology, anatomical assessment.