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THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUDITING AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The term audit is derived from the Latin verb "audire", which means "to hear" the origin of audit allowed tenant formers to work on their land while the land owners themselves, did not become involved in the business of farming. The landowners relied upon an overseer who "listened" to the accounts of stewardship given by the tenants.During this period till data, and with reference to the companies and allied matters act of 2004, the word "audit" is described as:

The independent examination of, and expression of opinion on the financial statements of an enterprise :y an appointed auditor in pursuance of that appointment and in compliance with any relevant statutory.

In order to form an opinion  as to the accuracy, truth and fairness of such account.

The business world prior to industrial revolution in the 19th century till present day, has witnessed a lot of changes and developments. In the early economic Developments, the mode of recording and analyzing of accounting dates was by manual means. Auditing during this time was done orally because the business of writing was get to develop. Themodernization of in the business world led to the areas where writing and receding analysis evolved with the use of some electro mechanicals. Accountability on the other hand is the obligation to answer for a responsibility that been concerned, (the 2006). During the era when accounting system evolved, the business transitions which took place - = d to be recorded, analysis and based on the Dtinciples, methods and procedures laid down by theaccounting profession. Also certain development

Based on this, the question that strike one's mind is, could effective      auditing      lead to proper accountability   In   recent   times,   the   concept   of accountability has it's origin in stewardship accounting (especially in the state government system). The function which accounting serves in the earliest times of our society is providing owners of wealth, the means of safe- guarding it from embezzlement. As noted by smith (2007).Accountability and it twin brother auditing were ushered in when owners were no longer managers of their resources and as such managers should look over such business with utmost care to avoid negligence and confusion of management in the affairs of the company, Furthermore auditing and accountability in the public sector otherwise called "public sector auditing and accounting", comprises of the auditor- general of the "federation, auditor-general of the state and auditor general of local government that serves as external a.: tors to the three tiers of government in Nigeria. Their approaches and techniques are similar to that of   various   firms   of   chartered    accountants   bat different occurs in their method of appointment to those of firms of chartered accountants. Regardless of this fact, (differences) and in recognition of the former,   a   committee   called   the  public   account committee (Pac) was formed   with duty to consider the auditor, general's  report submitted   to  the   assembly   with functions as follows.

i.      To deliberate on the auditor- general's report.

ii.     To summon accounting officer to appear before them

iii.     To examine any offer on oath if need to be

v.     To enforce the auditor   section as required by decree 43.

vi.   To  report  to  the  president the recommendation's

vii.   To   carryout   any   duty   as   required   by   the national assembly.

In conclusion, the effectiveness of auditing and accountability in the public sector which refers to 'all organizations which are not privately owned and operated but which are operated and established as this effectiveness has brought about good internal and external control and checks, minimized fraud; defalcations Enhanced effectives policy andimplementation and management while non-effective auditing and accountability would result to regulates lack of there and fair representation and reporting of financial statementalongside, poor policy implementation.

1.0.1 AUDITING AND ACCOUNTABILITY AS STATUTOYR OBLIGATIONS

during which the accounting carried out by suitable qualified auditors during which the accounting records and financial statements of an organization B-e subjected to examination by independent auditors with the main objective of expressing an opinion in accountancy with relevant terms of appointment purpose, (the, 2006).

1.1   HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The historical background of the office of the state’s auditor general dates back to the creation of states, specifically Imo state from the former east central in 1976 which was then headed by Sir. S.C. Okorieafor, who haiked from Oguta from then to present date, there has been series of appointment c" auditor generals, employment of staff and otherchanges. After the creation of states, most staff of the office of the auditor general of east central which was formerly at Umuahia, relocated to Imo state to the office of the Auditor-general now in Owerri. It's capital, as required by law. The present auditor-general is by name, sir. E.A. Ugunwa.

1.1.1    DEPARTMENT   IN   THE   OFFICE   OF   THE AUDITOR-GENERAL (STATE)

The office of the state's auditor-general is made up of six (6) departments namely.

i) General service department    (GSD):-  this department is in change of the generaladministration of the state auditor-general office.

ii)Project monitoring and  evaluation  department (promade):- As the name suggests, its duty   is   to   take   care   of  the   evaluating    in   and monitoring   of   all   government  project   and   also, audits, government parastatals.

iii.  Government accounts department (GAD):- this department is in charge of the audit of government ministries,

iv.     Revenue department (RD):- this department is in charge of the audit of governmentrevenues.

v.    Finance   and   supply   department   (FASD): this   department  is  vested   with   the  duty   of critical  monitoring of the expenditures of the office   itself,   i.e   (the   office   of the      AG   in particular). These departments are headed by 3 directors/3 acting directors for effective operation of the office of the AG.

1.1.3 THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE STATE AUDITOR-GENERAL

1.1.4 ORGANIZATION OF REPORTS FROM THE STATE AUDITOR-GENERAL'S OFFICE

The   reports  from   the  office   of the   auditor-general is organized base on the type of opinion in recognition to the evidence he given. This opinion could be qualified, unqualified, subject to etc.

1.1.5 PROBLEM ENCONUTERED IN THE OFFICE OF THE STATE (IMO) AUDITOR-GENERAL

Problem encountered in the state AG's office are numerous but specifically, the problem of misapplication of audit reports towards management decision, poor collection of owners recourse towards organizational administration, Non- segregation of functional duties and financial impropriety in the public sector caused by inefficient lauding andaccountability arises due to:

(i)    The selfish interest of the managers and undue influence which doesn't allow the business to grow. (ii)    Inadequate availability of resource or available resource being tampered by staff or managers of such business dues to their unwillingness. (iii)  Inadequate internal control measures, (iv)   Failure   of   the   application   of   the   expectedauditing   standards   towards   audit   exercise,   ie   if wrong information is communicated to the investors.

The above listed could be solved if managers and staff would be fair in their duties towards the activities of the basins. This calls for motivation, willingness etc as auditing which starts where accounting stop is a sacred duty.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The concept "auditing and accountability" has been relegated to the background in the public sector, in spite of it's importance. The future of the public sector lies in it's auditing and accounting. Auditors perform important function in those aspects of government that are crucial for promoting credibility, equity and appropriate behaviors of government officials which reduces the risk of public corruption. In spite of these important roles auditing andaccountability plays, some problems are still left unsolved and  new one have been created  by the audit activities itself- hence problem like:

•              Misapplication      of     audit      report     towards management decision.

•              Poor    allocation    of    owners    resources    and organizational administration

•              Non segregation of functional duties

•              Financial impropriety in the public sector as a result of inefficient auditing and accounting system.

These and   many more problem are faces by the Nigeria public sector and enterprises. Investment are cost in   non-profitable ventures and the nations resource wasted. It is the above back chop that further promoted  the   research  to   probe   into  the problem assistance from the study of the rank and file   of   the   auditor-general   office   of Imo state

1 3      OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of auditing and accountability in the public sector specifically,, it tends: to determine the cause of poor allocation of ownersresources and organizational administration. To   determine   the   factors   that   result   to  non-segregation of functional duties To being to light the financial   impropriety lines) inthe public sector which is due to inefficient auditing and accounting system.

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTION

For this study, it is pertinent to ask some question, such as,

·        Is  there  any  significant  relationship   between auditing, accountability and the public sector?

·        Is    there any significant    effect between  misapplication of audit report towards management decision?

·        What possible effect could poor allocation of owners resource cause towards organizationadministration?

·        Is there any reason  for non-  segregation  of functional duties?

·                Is  there  are  significant  reason  why financial improperly  in  the  public  sector should occur with emphasis on   inefficient   auditing   and   accounting system.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

In order to successfully find solution to the problem of the study some tentative statement known as" research hypothesis" have been framed. The hypothesis will be empirically tested later while the tentative statement will be hypothesized  into Null

(Ho) and Alternative (HA)hypothesis.

Hoi:   There   is   no significant  relationship   between auditing, accountability and the public sector.

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