Select Currency
Translate this page

THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS

Format: MS WORD  |  Chapter: 1-5  |  Pages: 66  |  3083 Users found this project useful  |  Price NGN5,000

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In Nigeria, fish alone contributes on the average 20 – 25% per caput animal intake and could be as high as 80% in coastal and reverine communities (Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2000). Tobor (2012) and Ajana (2012) reported that the average annual demand for fish in Nigeria between 1995 and 2000 was estimated at 1.22 million metric tonnes and that this might increase to about 1.425MMT by the year 2005. FAO (2010) estimated the projected population and fish demand/supply from 1997 to 2025, with domestic fish production by the year 2007 as 0.77 million tonnes. Adamu (2017) however, gave the actual total domestic fish production in 2005 as 579,500 tonnes, while production from aquaculture was 56,300 tonnes in the same year. Fasasi (2013) put the demand – supply gap of fish in Nigeria as 1.0 million metric tonnes.

 

Aquaculture, the rearing of aquatic organisms, has high prospects in Nigeria. With a projected population of 139.1 million people in 2007, the fish demand is estimated at 1.06 metric tonnes, while supply stands at 0.81 metric tonnes leaving a deficit of 0.25 metric tonnes (FAO, 2010). Faturoti (2015) noted that recent trends all over the world point to a decline in landing from capture fisheries which is an indicator that fish stocks have approached or even exceeded the point of Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY). Aquaculture therefore remains the only viable alternative for increasing fish production in order to meet the protein need of our people.

Aquafeed production on global scale has been rising steadily from 14.2MMT in 1997 to 16.70mmt in 2011 (Olele, 2011) with fish meal being used as the conventional source of animal protein because of its balanced amino acids, vitamins content, palatability and growth factors (Tacon, 2013). Because of the increasing cost of high quality fishmeal required for aquafeed and due to competition for feed in animal husbandry, there is now need for alternative sources of animal protein for fish feeds especially in developing countries like Nigeria (Sales and Janssens, 2013).

 

The alternative sources of animal protein selected must be able to satisfy the dietary requirements of the fish at the cheapest cost (Least Cost Formulation) because animal protein is the most expensive dietary macro-nutrient that directly affects fish weight gain (Abdelghany, 2010). Although there has been a lot of research work on production of fish feed to meet the nutrient requirements of culturable fish in Nigeria at low cost (Omitoyin 2015; Olukunle and Falaye, 2014); good quality fish feed pellets are still sparingly used by fish farmers. This is due to high cost of most fish feed ingredients particularly fishmeal and its competitive use by livestock farmers. There are also few commercial fish feed producers in Nigeria, a lot of farmers depend on imported quality fish feeds which are expensive and not affordable. This increases their cost of production and reduces their profit margin.

 

It has been determined that fin-fish have an essential requirement of 10 amino acids (Silva and Anderson, 2015). Deficiencies in these amino acids cause anorexia, poor growth and low food conversion in general (Halver and Wilson, 2016). Lysine is one of the 10 essential amino acids that must be provided by the diet. It is also the least abundant amino acid in many feedstuffs; as a result, extra care must be taken to provide enough lysine synthetically when formulating catfish diets containing a large percentage of protein from plant sources. In commercial diet, both the lysine and the methionine appear to be the most limiting amino acid. Although data from Robinson (2014) demonstrated that fingerlings of channel catfish utilize synthesized lysine supplemented into a lysine- deficient feed when the fish were fed multiple feedings. Lysine is one of the ten indispensable amino acids required in the dietary protein for several fish species because lysine is generally the most limiting amino acids in fish feed. In addition to meeting the basic metabolic requirement for maximum growth, dietary lysine supplementation has been shown to have other positive effects on various animals including fish (Cheng and Hardy, 2013).

 

Plant proteins generally have unbalanced proportion of essential amino acids. The primary plant protein sources used in catfish feed are oil seed meal, such as soybean meal, cotton seed and groundnut cake. Generally, most plant proteins are deficient in lysine and methionine. Groundnut cake for example with crude protein content of 40 – 45% is a good supplement to fish meal. It promotes growth and is palatable to fish but deficient in lysine and methionine and also has a limited amount of tryptophan and threonine but amino acid quality improves in artificial diet reinforced with lysine, methionine and tryptophan supplements (Eyo and Olatunde, 2014). 

 

Nutritionally, lysine is an essential amino acid because it cannot be produced by the fish and hence must be provided by the diet. Dietary lysine supplementation is related to advantages on weight gain, feed conversion, nitrogen retention and reduction in body lipid content (Marcouli, et al; 2016). The quality of amino acid content is the most important factor on optimizing the utilization of dietary protein in catfish feeds. According to Palavesam et al; (2014), protein must be supplied to the fish with sufficient amount of essential amino acids, the lower the protein content in the diet; the higher must be the concentration of these amino acids in the protein.

 

JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

According to Food and Agriculture Organization (2010), Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing sectors of the global livestock production. It provides food fish which complement the ones obtained from the wild which in recent times is in dwindling states due to over-fishing and pollution of various forms of the water bodies. Aquaculture remains the only means through which the gap between fish and fish products demand and supply can be bridged. This objective has not been met due to high cost of animal protein source such as fish meal to supply the essential amino acids such as lysine in fish feed formulation. In view of this, synthetic amino acid (lysine), one of the essential amino acids is supplemented in the fish diet to determine the level of its utilization by catfish because it is believed that most fish do not respond well to synthetic amino acids as against natural amino acids, so this study is aimed at investigating this fact with African Catfish (clarias gariepinus) fingerlings.

 

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The objectives of the study include the following:

1.  To compare the synthetic amino acid (lysine) levels for clarias gariepinus fingerlings.

2.  To check the effects of the various treatments on the growth rate of clarias gariepinus fingerlings,

3.  To compare the utilization of synthetic lysine by clarias gariepinus fingerlings.

  DOWNLOAD THE FULL PROJECT

THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS

Not The Topic You Are Looking For?



For Quick Help Chat with Us Now!

+234 813 292 6373

+233 55 397 8005


HOW TO GET THE COMPLETE PROJECT ON THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS INSTANTLY

  • Click on the Download Button above.
  • Select any option to get the complete project immediately.
  • Chat with Our Instant Help Desk on +234 813 292 6373 for further assistance.
  • All projects on our website are well researched by professionals with high level of professionalism.

Here's what our amazing customers are saying

Abubakar Iliyasu Hashim
Federal college of education pankshin affiliated to university of jos
I am highly impressed with your unquantifiable efforts for the leaners, more grace to your elbow.I will inform my colleagues about your website.
Very Good
Gbadamosi Solomon Oluwabunmi
Lasu
Swift delivery within 9 minutes of payment. Thank you project master
Excellent
Ibrahim Muhammad Muhammad
Usmanu danfodiyo university, sokoto
It's a site that give researcher student's to gain access work,easier,affordable and understandable. I appreciate the iproject master teams for making my project work fast and available .I will surely,recommend this site to my friends.thanks a lot..!
Excellent
Azeez Abiodun
Moshood Abiola polytechnic
I actually googled and saw about iproject master, copied the number and contacted them through WhatsApp to ask for the availability of the material and to my luck they have it. So there was a delay with the project due to the covid19 pandemic. I was really scared before making the payment cause I’ve been scammed twice, they attended so well to me and that made me trust the process and made the payment and provided them with proof, I got my material in less than 10minutes
Very Good
Oluchi From Michael Opara University
If you are a student and you have not used iprojectmaster materials, you are missing big time! iprojectmaster is the BEST
Excellent
Merry From BSU
I am now a graduate because of iprojectmaster.com, God Bless you guys for me.
Excellent
MATTHEW NGBEDE
Ahmadu Bello University
I wish I knew you guys when I wrote my first degree project, it took so much time and effort then. Now, with just a click of a button, I got my complete project in less than 15 minutes. You guys are too amazing!
Excellent
Adam Alhassan Yakubu
UDS
Excellent work and delivery , I promise to share my testimonies everyone in need of this kind of work. You're the best
Excellent
JONNAH EHIS
Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo
I was scared at first when I saw your website but I decided to risk my last 3k and surprisingly I got my complete project in my email box instantly. This is so nice!!!
Excellent
Musa From Ahmadu Bello University
Thank you iprojectmaster for saving my life, please keep it up and may God continue to bless you people.
Excellent

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How do I get this complete project on THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS?

Simply click on the Download button above and follow the procedure stated.

I have a fresh topic that is not on your website. How do I go about it?

How fast can I get this complete project on THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS?

Within 15 minutes if you want this exact project topic without adjustment

Is it a complete research project or just materials?

It is a Complete Research Project i.e Chapters 1-5, Abstract, Table of Contents, Full References, Questionnaires / Secondary Data

What if I want to change the case study for THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY SYNTHETIC AMINO ACID (LYSINE) LEVELS ON GROWTH AND FEED UTILIZATION OF CLARIAS GARIEPINUS FINGERLINGS, What do i do?

Chat with Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

How will I get my complete project?

Your Complete Project Material will be sent to your Email Address in Ms Word document format

Can I get my Complete Project through WhatsApp?

Yes! We can send your Complete Research Project to your WhatsApp Number

What if my Project Supervisor made some changes to a topic i picked from your website?

Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

Do you assist students with Assignment and Project Proposal?

Yes! Call Our Instant Help Desk Now: +234 813 292 6373 and you will be responded to immediately

What if i do not have any project topic idea at all?

Smiles! We've Got You Covered. Chat with us on WhatsApp Now to Get Instant Help: +234 813 292 6373

How can i trust this site?

We are well aware of fraudulent activities that have been happening on the internet. It is regrettable, but hopefully declining. However, we wish to reinstate to our esteemed clients that we are genuine and duly registered with the Corporate Affairs Commission as "PRIMEDGE TECHNOLOGY". This site runs on Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), therefore all transactions on this site are HIGHLY secure and safe!