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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Hibiscus sabdariffa, commonly known as Roselle, is a tropical plant that has been used for centuries in traditional medicine due to its numerous health benefits. The calyx, which is the fleshy structure enclosing the hibiscus flower, is particularly rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and organic acids. These compounds have been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties, making Hibiscus sabdariffa a subject of increasing scientific interest.

Reproductive health is a crucial aspect of overall well-being, and any disturbances in the intricate balance of reproductive hormones can lead to various complications and disorders. Both male and female reproductive systems are regulated by a complex interplay of hormones, including testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and estradiol. Any alterations in the levels of these hormones can impact fertility, sexual function, and overall reproductive health.

Given the extensive traditional use of Hibiscus sabdariffa in folk medicine for various reproductive ailments, there is a growing need to explore its potential effects on reproductive hormones. Understanding the impact of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract on reproductive hormone levels in normal subjects is essential to assess its potential benefits or risks. Animal models, such as rats, serve as valuable tools for studying the effects of natural compounds on reproductive health before moving on to human trials.

Several studies have focused on the pharmacological properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa, including its effects on blood pressure, lipid profile, liver function, and glucose metabolism. However, limited research has been conducted to specifically investigate the influence of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract on reproductive hormones in normal rats. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap by examining the effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract on reproductive hormones in normal rats.

One of the key hormones involved in male reproductive function is testosterone, which plays a critical role in sperm production, libido, and overall sexual health. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), secreted by the pituitary gland, are essential for the regulation of testosterone synthesis and spermatogenesis. In females, estradiol, a type of estrogen, plays a crucial role in the menstrual cycle, ovulation, and maintenance of pregnancy. Alterations in the levels of these hormones can disrupt normal reproductive processes and lead to infertility or other reproductive disorders.

Understanding the effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract on reproductive hormones can provide valuable insights into its potential applications in the field of reproductive medicine. If Hibiscus sabdariffa calyx extract demonstrates beneficial effects on reproductive hormone levels, it could potentially be