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Sexual Dimorphism in Tibialis Posterior Muscle Dimensions Among Undergraduate Students

Abstract

The study examines sexual dimorphism in the dimensions of the tibialis posterior muscle among undergraduate students, with emphasis on differences in selected morphological measurements between male and female participants. The tibialis posterior is a deep muscle of the posterior compartment of the leg and plays an important role in plantarflexion and inversion of the foot, as well as in supporting the medial longitudinal arch. Understanding sex-related differences in its dimensions may provide useful information on variation in lower-limb muscular anatomy and contribute to anatomical reference data for the leg and foot. The study will determine selected dimensions of the tibialis posterior muscle among undergraduate students and compare the observed measurements between male and female participants. The specific objectives will include measuring selected dimensions of the muscle, determining the range of variation in the measurements, comparing the dimensions between the sexes, and assessing whether statistically significant differences exist between male and female participants. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. An appropriate sample of undergraduate students will be selected using a suitable sampling technique. Data on tibialis posterior muscle dimensions will be obtained using standardized anatomical or imaging-based assessment procedures and appropriate measurement instruments. The collected data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while appropriate independent-group inferential tests will be applied to determine differences between male and female participants. The study is expected to reveal variations in the measured dimensions of the tibialis posterior muscle among the undergraduate students studied. Differences may also be observed between male and female participants, with some selected muscle dimensions potentially demonstrating statistically significant sex-related variation. The findings are expected to provide evidence of morphological differences in the tibialis posterior muscle while recognizing that such variation may differ among individuals. The findings will be useful to anatomists, physical therapists, sports scientists, orthopaedic practitioners, radiologists, surgeons, rehabilitation specialists, and other healthcare professionals involved in the assessment of the leg, ankle, and foot. The study may provide useful reference information for understanding sex-related variation in tibialis posterior muscle morphology and may support anatomical assessment, interpretation of imaging findings, musculoskeletal research, rehabilitation planning, and clinical procedures involving the posterior leg and medial ankle region. The study will conclude by documenting the dimensions and sex-related variation of the tibialis posterior muscle among undergraduate students. It is recommended that standardized anatomical and imaging-based procedures be used when assessing tibialis posterior muscle dimensions, while further studies involving larger and more diverse populations should be conducted to establish broader reference data on sex-related differences in lower-limb muscular anatomy.

Keywords: Tibialis posterior muscle, sexual dimorphism, muscle dimensions, morphological variation, posterior leg, lower limb anatomy, ankle anatomy, foot anatomy, muscle morphology, morphometry, undergraduate students, sex differences, anatomical variation, muscle measurement, musculoskeletal anatomy.