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Practical Identification of Surface Landmarks Relevant to Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Abstract

The study examines the practical identification of surface landmarks relevant to cardiopulmonary resuscitation, with emphasis on students’ ability to recognize external anatomical features that guide the correct positioning of the hands during chest compressions. Accurate identification of surface landmarks is important for locating the appropriate area of the anterior chest and applying effective compressions while minimizing the risk of injury to underlying thoracic structures. Practical knowledge of surface anatomy therefore provides an important anatomical foundation for safe and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The study will assess students’ ability to identify surface landmarks associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The specific objectives will include identifying the external anatomical landmarks used to determine the appropriate chest compression area, assessing students’ ability to locate relevant features of the sternum and thoracic cage, determining their understanding of the relationship between surface landmarks and underlying structures, and evaluating their practical ability to apply anatomical landmarks during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures. A cross-sectional descriptive research design will be adopted for the study. An appropriate sample of undergraduate health science students with relevant anatomy and basic clinical training will be selected using an appropriate sampling technique. Data will be collected using structured questionnaires, anatomical diagrams, and standardized practical identification tasks conducted with appropriate mannequins or anatomical models. The data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, while appropriate inferential tests may be applied where necessary. The study is expected to reveal varying levels of competence in the identification and practical application of surface landmarks relevant to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Students may demonstrate better recognition of prominent thoracic landmarks, such as the sternum and general chest region, while greater difficulty may be observed in accurately locating the recommended area for chest compressions and relating external landmarks to underlying thoracic structures. Differences in practical performance may also be observed according to students’ level of clinical exposure and practical training. The findings will be useful to anatomists, anatomy educators, medical and nursing educators, emergency care instructors, and other health science professionals involved in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training. The study may provide information on students’ ability to transfer surface anatomy knowledge into an emergency clinical procedure and may support the integration of practical anatomical demonstrations, anatomical models, and simulation-based learning into CPR training. Improved knowledge of surface landmarks may contribute to greater accuracy and confidence during resuscitation practice. The study will conclude by determining students’ practical ability to identify and apply surface anatomical landmarks relevant to cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It is recommended that anatomy and clinical skills training should provide repeated practical opportunities for students to identify thoracic landmarks and relate them to the positioning required during chest compressions. Further studies involving larger student populations and standardized simulation-based assessments are recommended to provide broader evidence on the role of surface anatomy knowledge in CPR competence.

Keywords: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, surface anatomy, surface landmarks, practical identification, chest compressions, thoracic anatomy, sternum, thoracic cage, anatomical knowledge, undergraduate students, anatomy education, clinical skills, emergency care, CPR training, anatomical orientation.